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Dhu Nuwas
Yūsuf Dhū Nuwās, ((アラビア語:يوسف ذو نواس)) (also Yūsuf As'ar Yath'ar (Saba'ic Y(w)s1f 's1'r Yṯ'r or Dunaan;, Syriac ''Masruq''; Greek ''Dounaas'' (Δουναας), was a Judaic warlord in Yemen between 517 to 525-27 AD.
==Origins==
Nuwās probably reflects a local clan name which in popular tradition was twisted into a cognomen bearing the meaning of "the one with the curls". His real name has been conjectured to be Zura b.Ḥassān. In the form ''Yūsuf As'ar Yath'ar'', Yūsuf is a borrowing from Hebrew, while the penultimate and last names are cognomens, respectively meaning perhaps ''he who takes vengeance'' and ''he who remains''.〔Norbert Nebes, 'The Martyrs of Najrān and End of the Ḥimyar: On the Political History of South Arabia in the Early Sixth Century,' the Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, Michael Marx (eds.), (''The Qur'ān in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur'ānic Milieu,'' ) BRILL 2010 pp.27-60, p.43, n.70.〕
One Syriac source appears to suggest that the mother of Dhū Nuwās may have been herself a Jew hailing from the Mesopotamian city of Nisibis.〔Jonathan Porter Berkey, (''The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800,'' ) Cambridge University Press, 2003 p.46.〕〔'Irfan Shahid, in the Introduction to his book, ''Martyrs of Najran'' (published in 1971), quotes from the Nestorian Chronicle from Saard (Séert) edited by Addai Scher (see: Patrologia Orientalis vol. IV, V and VII), compiled shortly after anno 1036 CE from extracts of old Syriac historical works no longer extant, saying: "…In later times there reigned over this country a Jewish king, whose name was Masrūq. His mother was a Jewess, of the inhabitants of Nisibis, who had been made a captive. Then one of the kings of Yaman had bought her and she had given birth to Masrūq and instructed him in Judaism. He reigned after his father and killed a number of the Christians. Bar Sāhde has told his history in his Chronicle."〕 If so, this would place her origins within the Sassanid imperial sphere, and would illuminate possible political reasons for his later actions against the Christians of Arabia, who were natural allies of the Byzantine Empire.〔 Many modern historians, though Christopher Haas is an exception, have argued that her son's conversion was a matter of tactical opportunism, since Judaism would have provided him with an ideological counterweight to the religion of his adversary, the Kingdom of Aksum, and also allowed him to curry favour with the Sassanid shahanshah.〔
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